Igm compositions and methods of mucosal delivery of these compositions

ABSTRACT

The method relates to the field of asymmetric allylic amination and comprises preparing a chiral N-substituted allylic amine compound from the corresponding allylic substrates and substituted hydroxylamines, in the presence of a catalyst, said catalyst comprising copper compounds and a chiral ligand. Examples of chiral amine compounds which can be made using the method include Vigabatrin, Ezetimibe Terbinafme, Naftifme 3-methylmorphine, Sertraline, Cinacalcet, Mefloquine hydrochloride, and Rivastigmine. There are over 20,000 known bioactive molecules with chiral N-substituted allylic amine substructure. The method may also be used to produce non-natural chiral B-aminoacid esters, a sub-class of chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds. Examples of B-aminoacid ester which can be produced by the disclosed method, include, but are not limited to, N-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine and Ethyl 2-methylene-3-(phenylamino)butanoate. Further, the products of the method described herein can be used to produce chiral heterocycles and bioactive molecules or materials.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to a provisional application, U.S. Application No. 61/680,551, which was filed on Aug. 7, 2012.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM

Not Applicable.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The technical field relates generally to a method for producing chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds. The method may be used to produce non-natural chiral ß-aminoacid esters, a sub-class of chiral N-substituted allylic amines. Further, the products of the method disclosed can be used to produce chiral heterocycles, and bioactive molecules or materials.

BACKGROUND

Many natural products, pharmaceutical compounds, and agrochemicals contain chiral amine functionality. The antiepileptic drug Vigabatrin ((R or S)-4-aminohex-5-enoic acid) and the cholesterol lowering drug Ezetimibe ((3R,4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one) are examples of two commercially useful chiral amine compounds that can be produced by the described method. Terbinafine ([(2E)-6,6-dimethylhept-2-en-4-yn-1-yl](methyl)(naphthalene-1-ylmethyl)amine) and Naftifine ((2E)-N-methyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-amine) are examples of two commercially useful N-substituted allylic amine compounds. Examples of commercially useful chiral amine based compounds include 3-methylmorphine ((5α, 6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol)(pain relief), Sertraline ((1S, 4S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine) (depression), Cinacalcet (R)—N-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-1-amine (hyperparathyroidism), Mefloquine hydrochloride ([(R,S)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl) methanol) (malaria), and Rivastigmine ((S)-3-[1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenyl N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamate) (Alzheimers). There are over 20,000 known bioactive molecules with chiral N-substituted allylic amine substructure. Current efforts in asymmetric allylic amination use pre-functionalized allylic substrates and Pd, Rh or Ir-based chiral complexes as catalysts. Additionally, chiral ß-aminoacids have been produced using Aza Byalis-Hillman reactions utilizing N-protected imines and α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

DISCLOSURE

The method described herein comprises mixing an olefin compound, containing an allylic C—H group, with an aminating reagent. The aminating reagent comprises a substituted hydroxylamine. The method further comprises adding a chiral ligand and a copper (Cu(I)) compound to the mixture. The catalyst is formed in situ by the reaction of the copper (Cu(I)) compound with the chiral ligand. The reaction is a nitroso-ene reaction in which a nitroso compound is generated in situ via oxidation of hydroxylamines by the metal catalyst. The antiepileptic drug Vigabatrin ((R or S)-4-aminohex-5-enoic acid) and the cholesterol lowering drug Ezetimibe ((3R,4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one) are examples of two commercially useful chiral amine compounds that can be produced by the described method. Terbinafine ([(2E)-6,6-dimethylhept-2-en-4-yn-1-yl](methyl)(naphthalene-1-ylmethyl)amine) and Naftifine ((2E)-N-methyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-amine) are examples of two commercially useful N-substituted allylic amine compounds. Examples of commercially useful chiral amine based compounds include 3-methylmorphine ((5a, 6a)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol)(pain relief), Sertraline ((1S, 4S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine) (depression), Cinacalcet (R)—N-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-1-amine (hyperparathyroidism), Mefloquine hydrochloride ([(R,S)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl) methanol) (malaria), and Rivastigmine ((S)-3-[1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenyl N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamate) (Alzheimers). Additionally, there are over 20,000 known bioactive molecules with chiral N-substituted allylic amine substructure. The method may also be used to produce non-natural chiral ß-aminoacid esters, a sub-class of chiral N-substituted allylic amines. Examples of chiral ß-aminoacid esters that can be produced by the described method, include, but are not limited to, N-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine and Ethyl 2-methylene-3-(phenylamino)butanoate. Further, the products of the method disclosed can be used to produce chiral heterocycles and bioactive molecules or materials.

In the method described herein, one reagent comprises an olefin containing allylic C—H group with the general structure R—C(C—HR¹)═CHR². Examples of olefin compounds which can be used include, but are not limited to, 2-Methyl-2-butene, 2-Methyl-2-pentene, 2-Methyl-2-heptene, 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene, Ethyltiglate, sec-Betyltiglate, Benzyltiglate, methy-2-methyl-2-pentenoate, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, and 3-methyl-3-penten-2-one.

In the method described herein, one reagent comprises an aminating reagent. Examples of aminating reagents which can be used include, but are not limited to, aryl hydroxylamines, N-Boc hydroxyl amines, Phenyl hydroxylamine, Tolyl hydroxylamine, 2-Iodophenyl hydroxylamine, and N-Boc hydroxylamine.

Examples of chiral ligands which can be used include, but are not limited to, R(+)-2-phenyl glycinol, R(+)-2′-amino-1,1′-Binapthalen-2-ol, R(+)-BINAM, Octahydro-R(+)-BINAM, R(+)-N,N′-dimethyl-binapthyldiamine, and R(+)-BINAM-P.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the method of producing chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds. It is to be understood that in some instances, various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention. Therefore the drawings may not be to scale. In addition, in the embodiments depicted herein, like reference numerals in the various drawings refer to identical or near identical structural elements.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of the method for producing chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The subject matter herein is described with specificity to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to necessarily limit the scope of claims. Rather, the claimed subject matter might be embodied in other ways to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies.

A method for producing chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds is described herein. The method comprises preparation of a chiral N-substituted allylic amine from the corresponding olefins and hydroxylamines, in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst comprises a copper compound and a chiral ligand. The aminating agents are substituted hydroxylamines.

The method comprises mixing an olefin compound containing allylic C—H group, with an aminating reagent. The aminating reagent comprises a substituted hydroxylamine. The method further comprises adding a chiral ligand and a copper (Cu(I)) compound to the mixture. The active catalyst is formed in situ by the reaction of the copper [Cu(I)] compound with the chiral ligand. The reaction results in the production of a chiral allyl amine through asymmetric allylic amination. This is a nitroso-ene reaction in which nitroso compounds are generated in situ via oxidation of hydroxylamines by the metal catalyst. The reaction results in very good yields and high enantioselectivity rate.

Through the above described method, a variety of chiral allyl amines may be produced. The antiepileptic drug Vigabatrin ((R or S)-4-aminohex-5-enoic acid) and the cholesterol lowering drug Ezetimibe ((3R,4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one) are two non-limiting examples of two commercially useful chiral amine compounds. Terbinafine ([(2E)-6,6-dimethylhept-2-en-4-yn-1-yl](methyl)(naphthalene-1-ylmethyl)amine) and Naftifine ((2E)-N-methyl-N-(1-naphthylmethyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-amine) are examples of two commercially useful N-substituted allylic amine compounds. Examples of commercially useful chiral amine based compounds include 3-methylmorphine ((5α, 6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol) (pain relief), Sertraline ((1S, 4S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine) (depression), Cinacalcet (R)—N-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-1-amine (hyperparathyroidism), Mefloquine hydrochloride ([(R,S)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl) methanol) (malaria), and Rivastigmine ((S)-3-[1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenyl N-ethyl-N-methylcarbamate) (Alzheimers). There are over 20,000 known bioactive molecules with chiral N-substituted allylic amine substructure. Additionally, the method may be used in the production of non-natural chiral ß-aminoacid esters, a sub-class of chiral N-substituted allylic amines. Examples of chiral ß-aminoacid esters that can be produced through the described method include, but are not limited to, N-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine and Ethyl 2-methylene-3-(phenylamino)butanoate). Further, chiral heterocycles, bioactive molecules or materials can be produced from the products of the method disclosed herein. This method could be used in the pharmaceutical industry, the biotech industry, the agrochemical industry, the chemical industry, and the polymer industry, as well as any other industry where chiral amines are used.

Since many natural products, pharmaceutical compounds, and agrochemicals contain chiral amine functionality, the transition metal catalyzed asymmetric amination of olefins has received significant importance in organic synthesis. [You, S. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7471; Hayashi, T. et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 1743; Jorgensen, K. A. et al., Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1689; Evans, P. A. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6761.] The direct and most efficient way to synthesize these chiral amines involves the direct functionalization of allylic C—H bonds via asymmetric allylic amination. Most efforts in asymmetric allylic amination use pre-functionalized allylic substrates, which require more synthetic steps than the method described herein. Additionally, prior methods utilize expensive Pd, Rh or Ir-based chiral complexes as the common catalysts [US 20060199728 A1] for asymmetric allylic amination of pre-functionalized allylic substrates. [Trost, B. M. et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 1-14; Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2921-2943].

U.S. patent publication number US 2008/0194841 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,787 B1 disclose the preparation of optically active β-aminoacids via asymmetric hydrogenation reaction. Alternate methods of producing chiral β-aminoacids and related chiral heterocycles mainly involve Aza Byalis-Hillman (ABH) reactions, which use N-protected imines and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The major limitations of this ABH method include: i) the method is not useful for the preparation of chiral N-aryl allyl amines; and ii) the method's reaction rates are very poor. [Lamaty, F. et al., Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 1-48].

US patent publication no. US 2008/0167312 A1 discloses the preparation of bioactive allyl amine Terbinafine and medical applications. US patent publication no. US 2006/0199728 A1 discloses Ir-based catalysts with phosphoramidite ligands for asymmetric allylic amination and etherification of allylic acetates.

The method described herein provides a simple and direct method for the production of chiral allyl amines by using simple olefins and inexpensive metal catalyst for asymmetric allylic amination, using a copper catalytic system.

In the method described herein, one reagent comprises an olefin containing allylic C—H group with the general structure R—C(C—HR¹)═CHR². The structure can be further represented as:

Useful olefins include, but are not limited to, the following examples:

Combinations of above olefins may also be implemented in the method of invention.

The aminating reagents are substituted hydroxylamines. The following aryl and N-Boc hydroxylamines are non-limiting examples of aminating reagents which may be used:

R(+)-BINAM may be used as the chiral ligand. The following chiral ligands are non-limiting examples of chiral ligands which may be utilized in the described method:

Tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate, whose chemical formula is [Cu(CH₃CN)₄]PF₆, may be used as the copper (Cu(I)) compound.

Examples and Results

All experiments were performed under nitrogen atmosphere. Dichloromethane (dry, 99.99+) from Alfa Aesar was used as purchased. The following olefins were used in experiments: 2-methyl-2-pentene, 2-methyl-2-heptene, Ethyl tiglate, Methyl trans-2-methyl-2-pentenoate. All olefins, including tiglate esters, and N-Boc hydroxylamine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as purchased. Most of the ligands and catalysts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Strem chemicals, except octahydro R(+)-BINAM which was synthesized by the reduction of R(+)-BINAM ligand as described in Kano, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Osawa, K.; Yurino, T.; Maruoka, K. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 7387. Arylhydroxylamines were synthesized by Zn-metal reduction of commercially available nitroarenes, as described in Kamm, O. Org. Synth. Col. Vol. I, 1958, p. 445.

IR spectra were recorded on JASCO 480-plus instrument. 1H and 13C NMR were recorded on Varian 400 MHz NMR using CDCl₃ solvent, unless otherwise noted. Products were confirmed by Agilent GC-MS (7890A-5975C). To measure enantiomeric excess, GC (HP Series II 5890) with chiral capillary column (Restek betadex-30 m×0.25×0.25μ) and HPLC (Dionex, Ultimate 3000) with Chiralpak AS-H column (4.6×250 mm×5μ) were used.

General Procedure for Asymmetric Allylic Amination:

Under nitrogen atmosphere, the solution of precatalyst copper (Cu(I)) compound Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for ten (10) minutes. Then the olefin (1 mmol) was added followed by the slow addition of arylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over five (5) hours at room temperature. Reactions were allowed to continue for two (2) more hours to get complete consumption of arylhydroxylamine. Once the product formation was confirmed by GC-MS, the mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (Hexane/Ethylacetate eluents) to give the corresponding allyl amine product, which was then directly analyzed by NMR and chiral HPLC or chiral GC to determine the purity and enantiomeric excess.

Example 1. N-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of 2-methyl-2-pentene (1 mmol, 122 μL) was followed by the slow addition of phenylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 27.5 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of phenylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=175.10) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 68% yield with an optical purity of 69% ee. Chiral GC: t_(r)=35.00 min (major), t_(r)=35.42 min (minor).

Example 2. N-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine

All the procedure is same as in Example 1, except that S(−)-BINAM was used in place of R(+)-BINAM. Pure allylamine obtained in 65% yield with an opposite enantioselectivity of 73% ee. Chiral GC: t_(r)=35.18 min (minor), t_(r)=35.58 min (major).

Example 3. N-(2-methylhept-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of 2-methyl-2-heptene (1 mmol, 155 μL) was followed by the slow addition of N-phenylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 27.5 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of N-phenylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=203.10) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 64% yield with an optical purity of 67% ee. Chiral GC: t_(r)=41.65 min (major), t_(r)=41.88 min (minor).

Example 4. 4-methyl-N-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of 2-methyl-2-pentene (1 mmol, 122 μL) was followed by the slow addition of N-tolylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 31 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of N-tolylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=189.10) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 62% yield with an optical purity of 74% ee. Chiral GC: t_(r)=38.56 min (major), t_(r)=39.07 min (minor).

Example 5. 4-methyl-N-(2-methylhept-1-en-3-yl)benzenamine

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of 2-methyl-2-heptene (1 mmol, 155 μL) was followed by the slow addition of N-tolylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 31 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of N-tolylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=217.20) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 59% yield with an optical purity of 66% ee. Chiral GC: t_(r)=44.98 min (major), t_(r)=45.28 min (minor).

Example 6. Ethyl 2-methylene-3-(phenylamino)butanoate

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of Ethyltiglate (0.75 mmol, 104 μL) was followed by the slow addition of N-phenylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 27.5 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of N-phenylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=219.00) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 78% yield with an optical purity of 42% ee. Chiral HPLC: Chiralpak AS-H column using Hexanes/Ethanol/DEA (99:1:0.02) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min; t_(r)=17.367 min (major), t_(r)=18.417 min (minor).

Example 7. Ethyl 3-(p-tolylamino)-2-methylenebutanoate

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of Ethyltiglate (0.75 mmol, 104 μL) was followed by the slow addition of N-tolylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 27.5 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of N-tolylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=232.90) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 69% yield with an optical purity of 34% ee. Chiral HPLC: Chiralpak AS-H column using Hexanes/Ethanol/DEA (99:1:0.02) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min; t_(r)=14.108 min (minor), t_(r)=15.467 min (major).

Example 8. Methyl 2-methylene-3-(phenylamino)pentanoate

The solution of Cu(CH₃CN)₄PF₆ (10 mg, 0.025 mmol) and ligand R(+)-BINAM (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the same flask, addition of Methyl trans-2-methyl-2-pentenoate (0.75 mmol, 105 μL) was followed by the slow addition of N-phenylhydroxylamine (0.25 mmol, 27.5 mg) solution in dichloromethane (5 mL) via syringe pump over 5 hours at room temperature. Reaction was allowed to continue for two more hours to get complete consumption of N-phenylhydroxylamine. Product was confirmed by GC-MS (M⁺=219.10) and NMR analysis. Pure allylamine obtained in 73% yield with an optical purity of 33% ee. Chiral separation with NMR using shift reagent (CDCl₃): δ 4.80 (major), δ 4.83 (minor).

For the purpose of understanding the method of producing chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds, references are made in the text to exemplary embodiments of a method of producing chiral N-substituted allylic amine compounds, only some of which are described herein. It should be understood that no limitations on the scope of the invention are intended by describing these exemplary embodiments. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that alternate but functionally equivalent components, materials, designs, and equipment may be used. The inclusion of additional elements may be deemed readily apparent and obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. Specific elements disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one of ordinary skill in the art to employ the present invention.

Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized should be or are in any single embodiment. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, discussion of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.

Moreover, the terms “substantially” or “approximately” as used herein may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change to the basic function to which it is related.

All references to patents, documents, and other writings are incorporated by reference and their inclusion herein shall not be construed as an admission as to their status with respect to being or not being prior art. 

1. A method of producing a chiral N-substituted allylic amine compound comprising: (i) mixing an olefin compound, said olefin compound comprising an allylic C—H group, with an aminating reagent, said aminating reagent comprising a substituted hydroxylamine; and (ii) adding a chiral ligand and a copper (Cu(I)) compound to the mixture.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said olefin compound comprises the general structure R—C(C—HR¹)═CHR².
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said olefin compound is selected from the group consisting of: 2-Methyl-2-butene, 2-Methyl-2-pentene, 2-Methyl-2-heptene, 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene, Ethyltiglate, sec-Betyltiglate, Benzyltiglate, methy-2-methyl-2-pentenoate, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, and 3-methyl-3-penten-2-one.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said aminating reagent comprises an aryl hydroxylamine.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said aminating reagent comprises N-Boc-hydroxylamines.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein said aryl hydroxylamine is selected from the group consisting of: Phenyl hydroxylamine, Tolyl hydroxylamine, and 2-Iodophenyl hydroxylamine.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said aminating reagent comprises a N-Boc hydroxylamine.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said chiral ligand is selected from the group consisting of: R(+)-2-phenyl glycinol, R(+)-2′-amino-1,1′-Binapthalen-2-ol, R(+)-BINAM, Octahydro-R(+)-BINAM, R(+)-N,N′-dimethyl-binapthyldiamine, and R(+)-BINAM-P.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said copper (Cu(I)) compound comprises [Cu(CH₃CN)₄]PF₆.
 10. A method of producing a chiral N-substituted allylic amine compound comprising: (i) mixing an olefin compound, said olefin compound comprising an allylic C—H group, with an aminating reagent, said aminating reagent comprising a substituted hydroxylamine; and (ii) adding a chiral ligand and a copper (Cu(I)) compound to the mixture; (iii) producing a chiral allylic amine compound.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said chiral N-substituted allylic amine is a ß-aminoacid ester compound
 12. A method of producing a chiral N-substituted allylic amine compound comprising: (i) mixing at least two olefin compounds, each said olefin compound comprising an allylic C—H group, with an aminating reagent, said aminating reagent comprising a substituted hydroxylamine; and (ii) adding a chiral ligand and a copper (Cu(I)) compound to the mixture; (iii) producing a chiral allylic amine compound.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said olefin compound comprises the general structure R—C(C—HR¹)═CHR².
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein said at least two olefin compounds are selected from the group consisting of: 2-Methyl-2-butene, 2-Methyl-2-pentene, 2-Methyl-2-heptene, 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene, Ethyltiglate, sec-Betyltiglate, Benzyltiglate, methy-2-methyl-2-pentenoate, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, and 3-methyl-3-penten-2-one.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein said aminating reagent is selected from the group consisting of: Phenyl hydroxylamine, Tolyl hydroxylamine, 2-Iodophenyl hydroxylamine.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein said aminating reagent comprises a N-Boc hydroxylamine.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein said chiral ligand is selected from the group consisting of: R(+)-2-phenyl glycinol, R(+)-2′-amino-1,1′-Binapthalen-2-ol, R(+)-BINAM, Octahydro-R(+)-BINAM, R(+)-N,N′-dimethyl-binapthyldiamine, and R(+)-BINAM-P.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein said copper (Cu(I)) compound comprises [Cu(CH₃CN)₄]PF₆.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein said chiral N-substituted allylic amine is a ß-aminoacid ester compound. 